俄罗斯方块(PyQt5)
翻译时间 2020 年 8 月 20 日
在本章中,我们将创建一个俄罗斯方块的游戏模仿。
俄罗斯方块
俄罗斯方块 游戏是有史以来最受欢迎的电脑游戏之一。最初的游戏是由俄罗斯程序员阿列克谢·帕吉特诺夫在1985年设计和编程的。自那时起,俄罗斯方块 几乎在每个计算机平台上都有各种变化。
俄罗斯方块被称为下降块益智游戏。在这个游戏中,我们有七种不同的形状称为四角形:一个S形,一个Z形,一个T形,一个L形,一个线形,一个镜像L形状,和一个方形。这些形状中每个形状都用四个正方形组成。形状从木板上掉下来了。俄罗斯方块游戏的对象是移动和旋转形状,以便它们尽可能适合。如果我们设法形成一个行,行被摧毁,我们得分。我们玩俄罗斯方块游戏, 直到我们顶部溢出。
PyQt5 是一个旨在创建应用程序的工具包。还有其他库旨在创建计算机游戏。然而,PyQt5 和其他应用程序工具包可用于创建简单的游戏。
创建电脑游戏是提高编程技能的好办法。
开发
我们没有用于 俄罗斯方块游戏的图像,我们使用 PyQt5 编程工具包中提供的绘图 API 绘制四元图。每个电脑游戏的背后都有一个数学模型。所以在俄罗斯方块。
游戏背后的一些想法:
- 我们使用
QtCore.QBasicTimer
创建游戏周期。 - 画出四分位。
- 形状按方形移动(而不是按像素)。
- 从数学上讲,棋盘是一个简单的数字列表。
代码由四个类组成:Tetris
、Board
、Tetrominoe
、Shape
。
Tetris
类设置游戏。Board
类是编写游戏逻辑的地方。Tetrominoe
类包含所有四分段的名称Shape
类包含四分段的代码。
tetris.py
import random
import sys
from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt, QBasicTimer, pyqtSignal
from PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QColor
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QMainWindow, QFrame, QDesktopWidget, QApplication
class Tetris(QMainWindow):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
"""initiates application UI"""
self.tboard = Board(self)
self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)
self.statusbar = self.statusBar()
self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)
self.tboard.start()
self.resize(180, 380)
self.center()
self.setWindowTitle('Tetris')
self.show()
def center(self):
"""centers the window on the screen"""
screen = QDesktopWidget().screenGeometry()
size = self.geometry()
self.move(int((screen.width() - size.width()) / 2),
int((screen.height() - size.height()) / 2))
class Board(QFrame):
msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str)
BoardWidth = 10
BoardHeight = 22
Speed = 300
def __init__(self, parent):
super().__init__(parent)
self.initBoard()
def initBoard(self):
"""initiates board"""
self.timer = QBasicTimer()
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.curX = 0
self.curY = 0
self.numLinesRemoved = 0
self.board = []
self.setFocusPolicy(Qt.StrongFocus)
self.isStarted = False
self.isPaused = False
self.clearBoard()
def shapeAt(self, x, y):
"""determines shape at the board position"""
return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x]
def setShapeAt(self, x, y, shape):
"""sets a shape at the board"""
self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x] = shape
def squareWidth(self):
"""returns the width of one square"""
return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth
def squareHeight(self):
"""returns the height of one square"""
return self.contentsRect().height() // Board.BoardHeight
def start(self):
"""starts game"""
if self.isPaused:
return
self.isStarted = True
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.numLinesRemoved = 0
self.clearBoard()
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.newPiece()
self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
def pause(self):
"""pauses game"""
if not self.isStarted:
return
self.isPaused = not self.isPaused
if self.isPaused:
self.timer.stop()
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused")
else:
self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.update()
def paintEvent(self, event):
"""paints all shapes of the game"""
painter = QPainter(self)
rect = self.contentsRect()
boardTop = rect.bottom() - Board.BoardHeight * self.squareHeight()
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1)
if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
self.drawSquare(painter,
rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape)
if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
for i in range(4):
x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(),
self.curPiece.shape())
def keyPressEvent(self, event):
"""processes key press events"""
if not self.isStarted or self.curPiece.shape() == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)
return
key = event.key()
if key == Qt.Key_P:
self.pause()
return
if self.isPaused:
return
elif key == Qt.Key_Left:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX - 1, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key_Right:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key_Down:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateRight(), self.curX, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key_Up:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key_Space:
self.dropDown()
elif key == Qt.Key_D:
self.oneLineDown()
else:
super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)
def timerEvent(self, event):
"""handles timer event"""
if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId():
if self.isWaitingAfterLine:
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.newPiece()
else:
self.oneLineDown()
else:
super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)
def clearBoard(self):
"""clears shapes from the board"""
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):
self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
def dropDown(self):
"""drops down a shape"""
newY = self.curY
while newY > 0:
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, newY - 1):
break
newY -= 1
self.pieceDropped()
def oneLineDown(self):
"""goes one line down with a shape"""
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY - 1):
self.pieceDropped()
def pieceDropped(self):
"""after dropping shape, remove full lines and create new shape"""
for i in range(4):
x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
self.setShapeAt(x, y, self.curPiece.shape())
self.removeFullLines()
if not self.isWaitingAfterLine:
self.newPiece()
def removeFullLines(self):
"""removes all full lines from the board"""
numFullLines = 0
rowsToRemove = []
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
n = 0
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
n = n + 1
if n == 10:
rowsToRemove.append(i)
rowsToRemove.reverse()
for m in rowsToRemove:
for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight):
for l in range(Board.BoardWidth):
self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1))
numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove)
if numFullLines > 0:
self.numLinesRemoved = self.numLinesRemoved + numFullLines
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.isWaitingAfterLine = True
self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
self.update()
def newPiece(self):
"""creates a new shape"""
self.curPiece = Shape()
self.curPiece.setRandomShape()
self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1
self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY()
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY):
self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
self.timer.stop()
self.isStarted = False
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")
def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY):
"""tries to move a shape"""
for i in range(4):
x = newX + newPiece.x(i)
y = newY - newPiece.y(i)
if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight:
return False
if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
return False
self.curPiece = newPiece
self.curX = newX
self.curY = newY
self.update()
return True
def drawSquare(self, painter, x, y, shape):
"""draws a square of a shape"""
colorTable = [0x000000, 0xCC6666, 0x66CC66, 0x6666CC,
0xCCCC66, 0xCC66CC, 0x66CCCC, 0xDAAA00]
color = QColor(colorTable[shape])
painter.fillRect(x + 1, y + 1, self.squareWidth() - 2,
self.squareHeight() - 2, color)
painter.setPen(color.lighter())
painter.drawLine(x, y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x, y)
painter.drawLine(x, y, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y)
painter.setPen(color.darker())
painter.drawLine(x + 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1,
x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1)
painter.drawLine(x + self.squareWidth() - 1,
y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + 1)
class Tetrominoe(object):
NoShape = 0
ZShape = 1
SShape = 2
LineShape = 3
TShape = 4
SquareShape = 5
LShape = 6
MirroredLShape = 7
class Shape(object):
coordsTable = (
((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, 1)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2)),
((-1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1)),
((0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)),
((-1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1)),
((1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1))
)
def __init__(self):
self.coords = [[0, 0] for i in range(4)]
self.pieceShape = Tetrominoe.NoShape
self.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
def shape(self):
"""returns shape"""
return self.pieceShape
def setShape(self, shape):
"""sets a shape"""
table = Shape.coordsTable[shape]
for i in range(4):
for j in range(2):
self.coords[i][j] = table[i][j]
self.pieceShape = shape
def setRandomShape(self):
"""chooses a random shape"""
self.setShape(random.randint(1, 7))
def x(self, index):
"""returns x coordinate"""
return self.coords[index][0]
def y(self, index):
"""returns y coordinate"""
return self.coords[index][1]
def setX(self, index, x):
"""sets x coordinate"""
self.coords[index][0] = x
def setY(self, index, y):
"""sets y coordinate"""
self.coords[index][1] = y
def minX(self):
"""returns min x value"""
m = self.coords[0][0]
for i in range(4):
m = min(m, self.coords[i][0])
return m
def maxX(self):
"""returns max x value"""
m = self.coords[0][0]
for i in range(4):
m = max(m, self.coords[i][0])
return m
def minY(self):
"""returns min y value"""
m = self.coords[0][1]
for i in range(4):
m = min(m, self.coords[i][1])
return m
def maxY(self):
"""returns max y value"""
m = self.coords[0][1]
for i in range(4):
m = max(m, self.coords[i][1])
return m
def rotateLeft(self):
"""rotates shape to the left"""
if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
return self
result = Shape()
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
for i in range(4):
result.setX(i, self.y(i))
result.setY(i, -self.x(i))
return result
def rotateRight(self):
"""rotates shape to the right"""
if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
return self
result = Shape()
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
for i in range(4):
result.setX(i, -self.y(i))
result.setY(i, self.x(i))
return result
def main():
app = QApplication([])
tetris = Tetris()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
游戏是简化一点,以便更容易理解。游戏启动后立即启动。我们可以按p键暂停游戏。按Space 键会立即将四分位放置到底部。游戏以恒定的速度进行,没有实现加速。分数是我们已删除的行数。
self.tboard = Board(self)
self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)
将创建类的实例并设置为应用程序的中心Board
部件。
self.statusbar = self.statusBar()
self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)
我们创建一个状态栏,在其中显示消息。我们将显示三个可能的消息:已删除的行数、暂停的消息或游戏通过消息。是在板类中实现的自定义信号msg2Statusbar
。showMessage
是一种内置方法,在状态栏上显示消息。
self.tboard.start()
此行启动游戏。
class Board(QFrame):
msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str)
...
使用 pyqtSignal
创建自定义信号。msg2Statusbar
是当我们要将消息或分数写入状态栏时发出的信号。
BoardWidth = 10
BoardHeight = 22
Speed = 300
这些是Board
的类变量。BoardWidth
和BoardHeight
定义块中板的大小。Speed
定义游戏的速度。每个300ms一个新的游戏周期将开始。
...
self.curX = 0
self.curY = 0
self.numLinesRemoved = 0
self.board = []
...
在initBoard
方法中,我们初始化了一些重要的变量。 self.board
变量是 0 到 7 的数字列表。它代表各种形状的位置和棋盘上形状保留的位置。
def shapeAt(self, x, y):
"""determines shape at the board position"""
return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x]
shapeAt
方法确定给定块中的形状类型。
def squareWidth(self):
"""returns the width of one square"""
return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth
电路板可以动态调整大小。因此,块的大小可能会更改。squareWidth
计算单个正方形的宽度(以像素为单位)并返回它。Board.BoardWidth
是块中的板的大小。
def pause(self):
"""pauses game"""
if not self.isStarted:
return
self.isPaused = not self.isPaused
if self.isPaused:
self.timer.stop()
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused")
else:
self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.update()
pause
方法暂停游戏。它停止计时器并在状态栏上显示一条消息。
def paintEvent(self, event):
"""paints all shapes of the game"""
painter = QPainter(self)
rect = self.contentsRect()
...
绘画发生在方法paintEvent
中。QPainter
负责 PyQt5 中所有低级绘画。
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1)
if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
self.drawSquare(painter,
rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape)
游戏的绘画分为两个步骤。在第一步中,我们绘制所有形状,或已掉到板底部的形状的保留。列表变量中记住所有方块。使用shapeAt
方法访问self.board
变量。
if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
for i in range(4):
x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(),
self.curPiece.shape())
下一步是绘制正在坠落的实际作品。
elif key == Qt.Key_Right:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)
在keyPressEvent
方法中,我们检查按下的键。如果我们按右箭头键,我们尝试将该件向右移动。我们说尝试,因为片可能不能移动。
elif key == Qt.Key_Up:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)
箭头键Up将向左旋转掉落的零件。
elif key == Qt.Key_Space:
self.dropDown()
Space键会立即将掉落的一块掉落到底部。
elif key == Qt.Key_D:
self.oneLineDown()
按d键,件子会向下一块。它可以用来使一块的掉落有点。
def timerEvent(self, event):
"""handles timer event"""
if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId():
if self.isWaitingAfterLine:
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.newPiece()
else:
self.oneLineDown()
else:
super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)
在计时器事件中,我们要么在上一个片掉到底部后创建一个新片,要么向下移动一个下降的一块。
def clearBoard(self):
"""clears shapes from the board"""
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):
self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
clearBoard
方法通过设置板的每个块Tetrominoe.NoShape
来清除板。
def removeFullLines(self):
"""removes all full lines from the board"""
numFullLines = 0
rowsToRemove = []
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
n = 0
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
n = n + 1
if n == 10:
rowsToRemove.append(i)
rowsToRemove.reverse()
for m in rowsToRemove:
for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight):
for l in range(Board.BoardWidth):
self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1))
numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove)
...
如果该件触底,我们调用 removeFullLines
方法。我们找出所有完整的行,并删除他们。我们通过将当前整行上方的所有线向下移动来移动以将其删除。请注意,我们反转要删除的行的顺序。否则,它无法正常工作。在我们的案例中,我们使用天真的重力。这意味着碎片可能漂浮在空隙上方。
def newPiece(self):
"""creates a new shape"""
self.curPiece = Shape()
self.curPiece.setRandomShape()
self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1
self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY()
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY):
self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
self.timer.stop()
self.isStarted = False
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")
newPiece
方法随机创建一个新的四分法。如果该作品不能进入其初始位置,游戏将结束。
def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY):
"""tries to move a shape"""
for i in range(4):
x = newX + newPiece.x(i)
y = newY - newPiece.y(i)
if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight:
return False
if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
return False
self.curPiece = newPiece
self.curX = newX
self.curY = newY
self.update()
return True
在tryMove
方法中,我们尝试移动我们的形状。如果形状位于板的边缘或与其他部分相邻,我们返回 False
。否则,我们将当前下降件放在一个新的位置。
class Tetrominoe(object):
NoShape = 0
ZShape = 1
SShape = 2
LineShape = 3
TShape = 4
SquareShape = 5
LShape = 6
MirroredLShape = 7
Tetrominoe
类保存所有可能形状的名称。我们也有一个空白空间NoShape
。
Shape
类保存有关四分位的信息。
class Shape(object):
coordsTable = (
((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, 1)),
...
)
...
元组coordsTable
保存我们四分位的所有可能的坐标值。这是一个模板,所有片段都从该模板中显示其坐标值。
self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)]
创建时,我们创建一个空坐标列表。列表将保存四分块的坐标。
图:坐标
上图将有助于更好地理解坐标值。例如,元对 (0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, -1) 表示 Z 形状。该图说明了形状。
def rotateLeft(self):
"""rotates shape to the left"""
if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
return self
result = Shape()
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
for i in range(4):
result.setX(i, self.y(i))
result.setY(i, -self.x(i))
return result
rotateLeft
方法将一块向左旋转。广场不必旋转。这就是为什么我们只返回对当前对象的引用。将创建一个新作品,其坐标设置为旋转件的坐标。
这是 Pyqt5 中的特瑞斯游戏。